Questions -

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Q1. Convert the binary data "011010" into analog waveforms using following modulation techniques.

Given I/P

a. Two level Amplitude Shift Keying

b. Two level Frequency Shift Keying

c. Two level Phase Shift Keying

d. Differential Phase shift keying

e. Four level Amplitude Shift Keying

f. Four level Phase Shift Keying

g. Eight level Amplitude Shift Keying

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Q2. With fc = 500 kHz, fd = 25 kHz, and M = 16 (L = 4 bits), compute the frequency assignments for each of the sixteen possible 4-bit data combinations.

Q3. Draw the approximate Analog Modulation and Frequency Modulation waveforms in complete steps for the signal.

For FM, we can write, Output equation as

s(t) = A_c cos(2πf_ct + βsin(2πf_mt))

Where, f_c = carrier frequency,

Ac = amplitude of carrier

f_m = input sine wave frequency

For AM, we can write

c(t) = A sin(2πf_ct). [f_c = carrier frequency, A = amplitude]

m(t) = M cos(2πf_mt + φ = Am cos(2πf_mt + φ) [f_m = input sine wave frequency]

Output equation is

y(t) = A sin(2πf_ct) + ½Am[sin(2π[f_c +f_m]t + φ) + sin (2π[f_c - f_m]t - φ)].

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Q4. Draw the 16 QAM Constellation Diagram having two different amplitude levels and eight different phase levels.

16 QAM Constellation Diagram having two different amplitude levels and eight different phase levels can be shown as follows

Q5. Explain and draw the Error Detection Process for Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).

Let, k = block of bits

And n = bit sequence

The output will be (k+n) bits.

If the input pattern is 10 bits and required pattern is 6 bits then FCSR should be 5 bits.

Error Detection Process for Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is the process of finding error in a signal at the receiver end. If any transmitter can generates n number of bit sequence for predetermined k block of bits, this frame is known as frame check sequence (FCK).

At the receiver end this will be divided by same number and if there is no remainder, then it can be awarded as no error.

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Q6. Compute the frame check sequence for the following information: Message = 10111100, Pattern = 11011.

Code-word sent = 10110100

Q7. Compute the transmitted signal using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum for the following information: Input: 1011, Locally Generated PN bit stream: 101011011010, T = 3Tc.

Input = 1011 [X(t) = +1-1+1+1]

Bit pattern = 101011011010

Generated pattern = +1-1+1-1+1+1-1+1+1-1+1-1

Transmitted signal = 101011010000

Q8. What is the difference between Infrastructure and ad hoc modes in WLAN? Draw their relative diagrams as well.

Difference between Infrastructure and ad hoc modes in WLAN:

Infrastructure modes in WLAN composed of one or more access points whereas ad hoc modes in WLAN composed of only stations.

Infrastructure modes in WLAN used to communicate between stations whereas in other case it is done directly.

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Q9. Compare the differences of TCP and OSI protocols for wired and wireless LANs using diagrams.

Application, Presentation, Session, Transport are host layer in TCP protocols for wired and wireless LANs, whereas application, Session, Application are the layer in OSI protocols for wired and wireless LANs.

10. Explain why the square and circle shapes cells for cellular communications are not appropriate as compared to hexagonal shape cells.

Since, the square and circle shapes cells for cellular communications cover an entire area without overlapping i.e. they can cover the entire geographical region without any gaps thus these are not appropriate as compared to hexagonal shape cells.

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